Hidrokoloid Reversibel (Reversible Hydrocolloid)

> Bahan dasarnya berupa agar yang merupakan sulfuric ester dari polimer galaktosa.

> Bahan ini bersifat :
- Thermoplastis
- Fleksibilitas 11% (spesifikasi ADA 4-15%)
- Elastic recovery 98,8% (cukup elastis)
- Compressive strength dan tear strength baik, bila mengalami tegangan singkat.
- Stabilitas dimensi : perubahan minimal pada kelembaban 100% tidak lebih dari 1 jam.
- Deformasi permanen 1% (spesifikasi ANSI/ADA : kurang dari 1,5%)
- Kecermatan baik (limit reproduction 25 µm)
- Penyimpanan harus di dalam kulkas.

> Working time dan setting time dari bahan ini cukup lama.

> Faktor yang mempengaruhi setting time adalah:
- Waktu
- Temperature

> Untuk dapat dicetakan harus dipanaskan terlebih dahulu pada tempat pemanasan khusus sampai cukup plastis. Karena perlu tempat khusus untuk pemanasan pemakaiannya kurang praktis. Apabila terlalu panas karena pemanasan tidak terkontrol akan mengiritasi permukaan yang akan dicetak. Selain itu pemakaian yang berulang dianggap kurang kurang higienes.

> Permukaan hasil cetakan bersih, tajam, dan akurat.

> Daerah-daerah gerong tercetak dengan baik.

> Walaupun sifatnya fleksibel tetapi bila cukup tebal dan pencetakan tidak terlalu lebar, sesudah bahan cetak mengeras dan dilepas, cukup rigid sehingga tidak memerlukan pendukung/pemegang bahan cetak

> Cara pemeliharaan hasil cetakan hidrokoloid reversible :
- Pemberian desinfektan
- Hindari terjadinya sineresis/imbibisi
- Hindari terjadinya distorsi
- Harus segera diisi

> Hidrokoloid sebagai duplicating material :
- Untuk menduplikasi model.
- Dapat digunakan berulang kali.
- Dapat disimpan dalam keadaan sol.

> Hasil cetakan hidrokoloid reversible dianggap gagal apabila :
- Ada distorsi
- Robek
- Hasil cetakan tidak detail
- Dimensi berubah
- Hasil cetakan kasar.
- Lubang kosong dengan bentuk tidak teratur
- Gelembung eksternal


> Proses gelasi

Proses pengerasan hidrokoloid menjadi keras. Perubahan fisik dari sol-gel dan sebaliknya dirangsang oleh perubahan temperatur. Namun, gel tidak bisa diubah menjadi sol pada temperature yang sama ketika padat, perlu pemanasan pada temperature tinggi / temperature liquefaction pada 70-100 . Bahan sol menjadi gel pada suhu 37 C dan 50 C. Temperatur gelasi yang tepat bergantung dari berat molekul, kemurnian agar dan rasio agar terhadap komposisi lainnya. Temperature gelasi penting. Bila terlalu tinggi, panas dari sol dapat melukai jaringan mulut atau bila permukaan sol berubah ke gel begitu berkontak dengan jaringan tekanan permukaan yang tinggi dapat terbentuk. Sebaliknya, bila terlalu di bawah temperature mulut, akan sulit atau tidak mungkin mendinginkan bahan tersebut untuk memperoleh gel yang kuat di dekat jaringan mulut.
Ketidaksamaan temperature antara gelasi dan pencairan gel membuat agar dapat digunakan sebagai bahan cetak. Praktisi dapat mencairkan gel, menempatkannya dalam sendok cetak, mendinginkannya untuk menurunkan temperature sampai dapat diterima pasien, mempertahankan dalam keadaan cair untuk mencetak detail struktur mulut. Segera setelah di dalam mulut, bahan tersebut didinginkan di bawah temperature mulut umntuk menjamin terjadinya proses gelasi. Ada pertimbangan khusus dalam membuat gel terlalu dingin karena rasa dingin membuat pasien tidak nyaman dan cetakan mengalami ekspansi termal begitu dipanaskan sampai temperataur ruangan.


> Mekanisme Pembentukan Gel

Menurut Fardiaz (1989) sifat pembentukan gel bervariasi dari satu jenis hidrokoloid ke hidrokoloid yang lainnya tergantung pada jenisnya. Gel mungkin mengandung 99,9% air tetapi mempunyai sifat lebih khas seperti padatan, khususnya sifat elastisitas (elasticity) dan kekakuan (rigidity).
Gelasi atau pembentukan gel merupakan fenomena yang menarik dan sangat kompleks, namun sampai saat ini masih banyak hal-hal yang belum diketahui tentang mekanismenya. Pada prinsipnya pembentukan gel hidrokoloid terjadi karena adanya pembentukan jala atau jaringan tiga dimensi oleh molekul primer yang terentang pada seluruh volume gel yang terbentuk dengan memerangkap sejumlah air di dalamnya. Terjadi ikatan silang pada polimer-polimer yang terdiri dari molekul rantai panjang dalam jumlah yang cukup maka akan terbentuk bangunan tiga dimensi yang kontinyu sehingga molekul pelarut akan terjebak diantaranya, terjadi immobilisasi molekul pelarut dan terbentuk struktur yang kaku dan tegar yang tahan terhadap gaya maupun tekanan tertentu. Gelasi merupakan fenomena yang melibatkan penggabungan, atau terjadinya ikatan silang antar arantai-rantai polimer. Ada tiga teori yang dapat digunakan untuk menjelaskan pembentukan gel dan mendapat banyak dukungan dari para ahli kimia koloid, yaitu :

a. Teori adsorpsi pelarut
Teori ini menyatakan bahwa gel terjadi sebagai akibat adsorpsi molekul pelarut olehpartikel terlarut selama pendinginan yaitu dalam bentuk pembesaran molekul akibat pelapisan zat terlarut oleh molekul-molekul pelarut. Pembesaran partikel terjadi terus menerus sehingga molekul zat telarut yang telah membesar bersinggungan dan tumpang tindih melingkari satu sama lain sehingga seluruh system menjadi tetap dan kaku. Adsorpsi zat pelarut akan meningkat dengan makin rendahnya suhu.
b. Teori jaringan tiga dimensi
Teori ini hampir sama dengan teori yang dikemukakan oleh Oakenfull dan Tobolsky. Teori ini menyatakan bahwa kemampuan senyawa-senyawa untuk mengadakan gelasi disebabkan oleh terbentuknya struktur berserat atau terjadinya reaksi di dalam molekul itu sendiri membentuk serat. Selama pendinginan serat tersebut membentuk jaringan tiga dimensi.
Ikatan yang menentukan dalam jaringan tiga dimensi kemungkinan merupakan ikatan primer dari gugusan fungsional danikatan sekunder yang terdiri dari ikatan hydrogen atau dapat juga terjadi antara gugus alkil. Tipe ikatan yang terdapat dalam jaringan tiga dimensi akan menentukan tipe gel yang dihasilkan.

c. Teori orientasi partikel
Teori ini menyatakan bahwa pada sisi tertentu terdapat kecenderungan bagi partikel terlarut dan solven untuk berorientasi dalam konfigurasi yang tertentu melalui pengaruh gaya dengan jangkauan yang panjang, seperti yang terjadi pada kristal.
Mekanisme pembentukan gel dapat berbeda-beda tergantung pada jenis bahan pembentuknya. Diantaranya yang paling berbeda dalam hal jenis dan sifat-sifatnya adalah gel yang dibentuk oleh gelatin, suatu jenis protein dan gel yang dibentuk oleh polisakarida.
Kebanyakan hidrokoloid adalah polisakarida. Polisakarida yang memiliki empat tipe struktur yang berbeda yaitu linear, bercabang tunggal, linier berselang, dan tipe semak akan menghasilkan viskositas larutan yang tergantung pada ukuran molekul, bentuk molekul, dan muatannya. Jika molekul memiliki muatan yang dihasilkan dari ionisasi gugus tertentu seperti karboksil, maka pengaruh muatan sangat besar.
Gaya tolak menolak Coulomb dari muatan-muatan negatif yang tersebar sepanjang molekul polisakarida cenderung meluruskan molekul (polimer), yang menghasilkan larutan dengan viskositas tinggi. Polisakarida linier dengan berat molekul yang sama dengan polisakarida tipe semak, akan mempunyai viskositas yang lebih besar dalam larutannya sebab girasi atau perputaran gerak polimer struktur linier meliputi daerah yang lebih luas dan volume yang lebih besar. Hal ini akan menyebabkan gesekan antar molekul lebih mudah terjadi sehingga lebih meningkatkan gaya gesek dan viskositas larutan, dibandingkan dengan polimer yang memiliki tingkat percabangan yang tinggi. Namun hal ini tidak terjadi pada polimer linier yang tidak bermuatan yang cenderung membentuk larutan yang tidak stabil.


> Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pembentukan Gel

Ada banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan gel hidrokoloid, faktorfaktor ini dapat berdiri sendiri atau berhubungan satu sama lain sehingga memberikan pengaruh yang sangat kompleks. Diantara faktor-faktor tersebut yang paling menonjol adalah konsentrasi, suhu, pH, dan adanya ion atau komponen aktif lainnya.

a. Pengaruh konsentrasi
Konsentrasi hidrokoloid sangat berpengaruh terhadap kekentalan larutannya. Pada konsentrasi yang rendah larutan hidrokoloid biasanya akan bersifat sebagai aliran Newtonian dengan meningkatnya kosentrasi maka sifat alirannya akan berugah menjadi non Newtonian. Hampir semua hidrokoloid memiliki kekentalan yang tinggi pada konsentrasi yang sangat rendah antara 1-5% kecuali pada gum arab yang sifat Newtoniannya tetap dipertahankan sampai dengan onsentrasi 40% .

b. Pengaruh suhu
Pada beberapa hidrokoloid suhu akan menyebabkan penurunan kekentalan, karena itu kenaikan suhu dapat mengubah sifat aliran yang semula non Newtonian menjadi Newtonian.
c. Pengaruh pH
Hidrokoloid pada umumnya akan membentuk gel dengan baik pada kisaran pH tertentu. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh terjadinya peningkatan kekentalan dengan meningkatnya pH hingga mencapai titik tertentu dan kemudian akan makin menurun bila pH terus ditingkatkan.

d. Pengaruh ion
Beberapa jenis hidrokoloid membutuhkan ion-ion logam tertentu untuk membentuk gelnya, karena pembentukan gel tersebut melibatkan pembentukan jembatan melalui ion-ion selektif.

e. Pengaruh komponen Aktif lainnya

Apa itu SESAME STREET ??

Sesame Street adalah sebuah acara pendidikan anak-anak yang berasal dari Amerika Serikat untuk anak-anak pra-sekolah dan merupakan perintis standar televisi edukasi kontemporer yang menggabungkan pendidikan dan hiburan (edutainment). Sesame Street terkenal dengan karakter-karakter Muppet, yang dibuat oleh Jim Henson, seorang pemain boneka (puppet). Terdapat lebih dari 4.134 episode yang telah diproduksi selama 37 musim. Musim pertama penayangannya berjumlah 130 episode, tapi musim ke-36 hanya sebanyak 25 episode. Dengan jumlah episode sebanyak itu, Sesame Street merupakan salah satu serial acara televisi yang paling lama tayang sepanjang sejarah pertelevisian.

Sesame Street diproduksi di Amerika Serikat oleh sebuah organisasi non-profit Sesame Workshop, sebelumnya bernama Children's Television Workshop (CTW), yang didirikan oleh Joan Ganz Cooney dan Ralph Rogers. Tayangan perdana acara ini disiarkan pada 10 November 1969, di saluran National Educational Television, dan kemudian dipindahkan ke Public Broadcasting Service.

Karena acara ini memberikan pengaruh yang sangat positif, Sesame Street menjadi salah satu tayangan pendidikan yang paling dihormati di dunia. Tidak ada serial televisi lain yang mampu menandingi kesuksesan dan pengakuan internasionalnya. Serial originalnya sudah ditayangkan di 120 negara, dan lebih dari 30 versi internasional yang sudah diproduksi, tidak termasuk versi sulih suara. Di Indonesia, Sesame Street pernah ditayangkan oleh stasiun televisi TVRI yaitu "Jalan Sesama" pada awal dekade 1974 sampai 1990 dan di RCTI dan SCTV pada awal dekade 1990-an. Selain itu, juga telah dibuat Sesame Street versi Indonesia yang dinamai "Jalan Sesama" versi remake. Acara tersebut ditayangkan di Trans7 mulai 18 Februari 2008.

Serial-serial ini telah memperoleh 109 Emmy Awards, lebih banyak daripada serial televisi lainnya. Sekitar 75 juta orang Amerika pernah menyaksikan serial ini ketika mereka masih anak-anak; jutaan lainnya juga telah menonton serial ini, termasuk orang tuanya

A hoax is a deliberately fabricated falsehood made to masquerade as truth. It is distinguishable from errors in observation or judgment, or rumors and urban legends that are passed along in good faith by believers or as jokes.

Definition

Thomas Ady's A candle in the dark ... (1656) contains one of the earliest mentions of hocus pocus, the origin of the word hoax

The British philologist Robert Nares (1753–1829) says that the word hoax was coined in the late 18th century as a contraction of the verb hocus, which means "to cheat", "to impose upon" or "to befuddle often with drugged liquor". Hocus is a shortening of the magic incantation hocus pocus, which in turn is a contraction of the phrase Hocus pocus, tontus talontus, vade celeriter jubeo, mentioned in Thomas Ady's 1656 book A candle in the dark, or a treatise on the nature of witches and witchcraft According to the book, the Latin-like gibberish phrase was uttered by a conjuror to distract his audience from his sleight of hand.
The term hoax is occasionally used in reference to urban legends and rumors, but the folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand argues that most of them lack evidence of deliberate creations of falsehood and are passed along in good faith by believers or as jokes, so the term should be used for only those with a probable conscious attempt to deceive. As for the closely related terms practical joke and prank, Brunvand states that although there are instances where they overlap, hoax tends to indicate "relatively complex and large-scale fabrications" and includes deceptions that go beyond the merely playful and "cause material loss or harm to the victim".

P. T. Barnum's Fiji mermaid (1842)

According to Professor Lynda Walsh of the University of Nevada, Reno, some hoaxes—such as the Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814, labeled as a hoax by contemporary commentators—are financial in nature, and successful hoaxers—such as P. T. Barnum, whose Fiji mermaid contributed to his wealth—often acquire monetary gain or fame through their fabrications, so the distinction between hoax and fraud is not necessarily clear. Alex Boese, the creator of the Museum of Hoaxes, states that the only distinction between them is the reaction of the public, because a fraud can be classified as a hoax when its method of acquiring financial gain creates a broad public impact or captures the imagination of the masses
One of the earliest recorded media hoaxes is a fake almanac published by Jonathan Swift under the pseudonym of Isaac Bickerstaff in 1708. Swift predicted the death of John Partridge, one of the leading astrologers in England at that time, in the almanac and later issued an elegy on the day Partridge was supposed to have died. Partridge's reputation was damaged as a result and his astrological almanac was not published for the next six years.
It is possible to perpetrate a hoax by making only true statements using unfamiliar wording or context, such as in the Dihydrogen monoxide hoax. Political hoaxes are sometimes motivated by the desire to ridicule or besmirch opposing politicians or political institutions, often before elections.
A hoax differs from a magic trick or from fiction (books, movies, theatre, radio, television, etc.) in that the audience is unaware of being deceived, whereas in watching a magician perform an illusion the audience expects to be tricked.
A hoax is often intended as a practical joke or to cause embarrassment, or to provoke social or political change by raising people's awareness of something. It can also emerge from a marketing or advertising purpose. For example, to market a romantic comedy movie, a director staged a phony "incident" during a supposed wedding, which showed a bride and preacher getting knocked into a pool by a clumsy fall from a best man. A resulting video clip of Chloe and Keith's Wedding was uploaded to YouTube and was viewed by over 30 million people and the couple was interviewed by numerous talk shows. Viewers were deluded into thinking that it was an authentic clip of a real accident at a real wedding; but a story in USA Today in 2009 revealed it was a hoax.
A borderline case between fiction and hoax is a 1938 radio broadcast by Orson Welles describing a Martian invasion of earth. Many people who tuned in without hearing the introduction of the program as fiction were concerned that the invasion was real. It has been suggested that Welles knew the schedule of a popular program on another channel, and scheduled the first report of the invasion to coincide with a commercial break in the other program so that people switching stations would be tricked.
Governments sometimes spread false information to assist them with aims such as going to war; examples are the Ems telegram and the "dodgy (Iraq) dossier"; these often come under the heading of black propaganda. There is often a mixture of outright hoax and suppression and management of information to give the desired impression. In wartime and times of international tension rumours abound, some of which may be deliberate hoaxes.
Examples of politics related hoaxes:

• Belgium is a country with a Flemish- and a French-speaking region. In 2006 French-speaking television channel RTBF interrupted programming with a spoof report claiming that the country had split in two and the royal family had fled.
• On Saturday 13 March 2010 the Imedi television station in Georgia broadcast a false announcement that Russia had invaded Georgia.

[edit] Character of hoaxes

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (October 2010)

Hoaxes vary widely in their processes of creation, propagation, and entrenchment over time. These possess frequently one or more of the following:

• Hoaxes perpetrated on occasions when their initiation is considered socially appropriate, such as April Fools' Day
• Apocryphal claims that originate as a hoax, gain widespread belief among members of a culture or organization, become entrenched as persons who believe it repeat it in good faith to others, and continue to command that belief after the hoax's originators have died or departed
• Hoaxes that are not affirmatively propagated but rather indirectly "invited," as when persons fabricate evidence consistent with a false claim but do not advocate that claim as a conclusion, instead hoping that observers desiring to draw their own conclusions will reach an erroneous one and spread it in the belief that it is true, such as the use of disinformation in war and counterintelligence
• Hoaxes formed by making minor or gradually increasing changes to a warning or other claim widely circulated for legitimate purposes
• Hoaxes perpetrated by "scare tactics" appealing to the audience's subjectively rational belief that the expected cost of not believing the hoax (the cost if its assertions are true times the likelihood of their truth) outweighs the expected cost of believing the hoax (cost if false times likelihood of falsity), such as claims that a non-malicious but unfamiliar program on one's computer is malware
• Some urban legends and rumors with a probable conscious attempt to deceive
• Humbugs
• Computer virus hoaxes became widespread as viruses themselves began to spread. A typical hoax is an email message warning recipients of a non-existent threat, usually quoting spurious authorities such as Microsoft and IBM. In most cases the payload is an exhortation to distribute the message to everyone in the recipient's address book. Sometimes the hoax is more harmful, e.g., telling the recipient to seek a particular file (usually in a Microsoft Windows operating system); if the file is found, the computer is deemed to be infected unless it is deleted. In reality the file is one required by the operating system for correct functioning of the computer.
• A hoax of exposure is a semi-comical or private sting operation. They usually encourage people to act foolishly or credulously by falling for patent nonsense that the hoaxer deliberately presents as reality. A related activity is culture jamming.

The essential characteristic of a hoax is that it convey information that is, although false, at least somewhat credible. The subjective intent of hoax perpetrators varies, with the intent determining the content the perpetrator chooses and/or the content affecting the perpetrator's intent regarding whom to deceive: A person seeking to deceive the public as a whole may propagate a hoax consisting entirely of objectively credible claims, often bolstering it by including claims that are true or have a basis in fact. A person seeking to deceive only a specific person or set of persons (as by means of a practical joke) will likely select a premise that is subjectively plausible in the eyes of the victim(s), treating whether others will fall for the hoax as a secondary concern. Treated as such, the intended outcome of a hoax or intersubjective plausibility or implausibility can cut both ways: On one hand, a person may construct a hoax out of only credible information in order to prevent sympathetic outsiders from "catching on" and informing the victim in advance; on the other, he or she may include implausible information in order to heighten the victim's eventual embarrassment at having "fallen for" the hoax (along with the enjoyment observers feel when watching the victim being deceived).
Some sets of claims popularly labeled hoaxes are better categorized as allegory, fable, satire, or parody: If a person describes a situation or event with the intent to illustrate a principle but without the desire that his audience believe his assertions' literal meaning to be true, the assertions likely form an allegory or a fable. (Note that these claims may eventually develop into an apocryphal hoax or an urban legend if their literal meaning gains belief as they are passed from person to person.) If a person makes statements that have some basis in fact but are in some respects patently absurd, with the intent that the audience notice the similarity between the patent absurdities in the statements and absurdities latent in statements widely accepted in the real world, the person engages in satire. Parody does not require any basis in fact or the intent that any part of it be accepted; rather, its essence is the partial but not total imitation of the thing parodied, along with the elicitation of humor from the simultaneous occurrence of similarities and differences between the parody and its subject.

Hoax traditions

During certain events and at particular times of year, hoaxes are perpetrated by many people and groups. The most famous of these is April Fool's Day.

 See also

List of hoaxes E-mail spoofing Musical hoax Conspiracy theory Counterfeit

Fictitious entry Forgery Impostor Pseudoscience Münchausen by Internet

Tall tale Simulated reality Virus hoax Website spoofing

References

1. ^ ^{a b} MacDougall, Curtis D. (1958). Hoaxes. Dover. p. 6. ISBN 0486204650. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Brunvand, Jan H. (2001). Encyclopedia of Urban Legends. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 194. ISBN 157607076X. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries (2006). More Word Histories and Mysteries: From Aardvark to Zombie. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 110. ISBN 0618716815. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Nares, Robert (1822). A glossary: or, Collection of words, phrases, names, and allusions to customs, proverbs, &c., which have been thought to require illustration, in the works of English authors, particularly Shakespeare, and his contemporaries .... p. 235. http://books.google.com/books?id=OjITAAAAQAAJ. 
5. ^ ^{a b} "Merriam-Webster Dictionary: Hocus". Merriam-Webster. 2010. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hocus?show=0&t=1288021817. Retrieved 25 October 2010. 
6. ^ Brunvand, Jan H. (1998). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 587. ISBN 0815333501. 
7. ^ Walsh, Lynda (2006). Sins Against Science: The Scientific Media Hoaxes of Poe, Twain, And Others. State University of New York Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 0791468771. 
8. ^ Boese, Alex (2008). "What Is A Hoax?". http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/Hoaxipedia/What_is_a_hoax/. Retrieved 25 October 2010. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Walsh, Lynda (2006). Sins Against Science: The Scientific Media Hoaxes of Poe, Twain, And Others. State University of New York Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 0791468771. 
10. ^ ^{a b c} Ann Oldenburg (Oct 12, 2009). "Director: 'Chloe and Keith's Wedding' video is a hoax". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2009/10/68500815/1. Retrieved 2011-03-05. "But today, we can tell you: it's definitely a hoax. Chloe and Keith are actors named Josh Covitt and Charissa Wheeler. They're not married." 

[edit] Further reading

• Hoaxes, Curtis D. MacDougall, 1940, revised ed. 1958, Dover Publications

 External links

Look up hoax in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• The Culture Jammer’s Encyclopedia
• Virus Hoax Busters
• Snopes - Urban Legends Reference Pages
• "What's All This Hoax Stuff, Anyhow?" (Bob Pease article on Electronic Design website)
• Book: "Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds", by Charles MacKay
• Chloe and Keith's Wedding hoax -- link to video and commentary at USA Today

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax"

Categories: Hoaxes | Deception

 

Legenda urban (Bahasa Inggris:Urban legend) merupakan mitos atau legenda kontemporer yang seringkali dipercaya secara luas sebagai sebuah kebenaran. Kebanyakan berkaitan dengan misteri, horor, ketakutan, humor, atau bahkan kisah moral. Legenda urban tidak selalu berarti kisah bohong namun sama seperti kisah yang disebarkan dari mulut ke mulut. Legenda Urban juga sering dibesar-besarkan sehingga menjadi lebih sensasional.

 

Teori persekongkolan atau teori konspirasi (dalam bahasa Inggris, conspiracy theory) adalah teori-teori yang berusaha menjelaskan bahwa penyebab tertinggi dari satu atau serangkaian peristiwa (pada umumnya peristiwa politik, sosial, atau sejarah) adalah suatu rahasia, dan seringkali memperdaya, direncanakan diam-diam oleh sekelompok rahasia orang-orang atau organisasi yang sangat berkuasa atau berpengaruh. Banyak teori konspirasi yang mengklaim bahwa peristiwa-peristiwa besar dalam sejarah telah didominasi oleh para konspirator belakang layar yang memanipulasi kejadian-kejadian politik.
Teori ini ada di seputaran gerak dunia global dan merambah hampir kesemua ranah kehidupan manusia. Dari urusan politik sampai makanan. Bagi orang yang tidak percaya selalu menganggap semua hanya olok-olok, mengada-ada, menyia-nyiakan waktu, kurang kerjaan, dan sebagainya. Bagi para penganutnya teori itu tidak serta-merta muncul mendunia tanpa ada yang menciptakan polanya.
Penganut teori ini pun terbelah dalam dua kubu utama. Kelompok pertama adalah mereka yang hanya percaya bahwa segala hal mungkin terjadi apabila ada dukungan argumentasi yang kuat, fakta akurat, data ilmiah, pendapat yang bisa diverifikasi kebenarannya, tokoh-tokoh yang nyata, sejarah yang memang ada dan bukan mitos, dan sebagainya. Kelompok ini percaya John F. Kennedy sebenarnya tidak tertembak, tetapi diselamatkan oleh makhluk angkasa luar, misalnya. Kelompok kedua adalah mereka yang percaya tanpa syarat alias mereka yang menganggap apapun yang terjadi sudah dirancang sedemikian rupa, yang acapkali menghubungkan dengan mitos, legenda, supranatural, dan sebagainya. Misalnya, mereka percaya bahwa peristiwa 11 September sudah dirancang sebagaimana yang terlihat pada lipatan uang kertas 20 dolar AS; di mana apabila kita melipat uang itu sedemikian rupa akan tercipta gambar menara kembar yang terbakar.
 

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Saya Bachun, lahir di Kendal pada tanggal 12 Agustus,besar pula di Kendal,  tepatnya di 'Kota Santri' Kaliwungu.Di sana Saya mempunyai banyak teman dari yang malu-malu, bandel, sampai yang malu-maluin.Bachun tergolong cowok yang doyan jajan, apalagi kalau dijajanin. Dan kini lelaki murah senyum ini sekolah di SMANKA ngambil jurusan IPS.Bachun baru pacaran sekali tapi udah 10X patah hati...lho. Oh,Iya Bintangnya Leo, man!

YouTube's Five Year Anniversary Channel

In May 2010, YouTube celebrated their fifth birthday by opening a special YouTube channel. The channel, located at www.youtube.com/user/FiveYear, tells the story of influential YouTube users and subjects. Jessica Rose took an acting gig playing vlogger LonlyGirl15 and became a cult hit. Federico Alvarez was an Uruguayan film maker who's short video "Ataque de Panico" earned him Hollywood attention.
Check out the channel and learn their stories or send YouTube your own success story. You can also browse YouTube sucesses stories by geographical location, but the more interesting view is by timeline where you can seen videos like Susan Boyle's audition for Britain's Got Talent or the JK Wedding Entrance Dance.

10 Things You Didn't Know Google Offered

Google offers more than just a search engine on the Web. Google offers tons of other products and services, both with and without "Google" in their name.

1. YouTube

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By now, most people have heard of YouTube, but did you know Google owns it? YouTube is the video sharing site that changed the way we think of user created content and entertainment. Do you think your favorite TV shows would be available online if users hadn't started uploading them to YouTube first?

• Website: www.youtube.com
• More: What Is YouTube?

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2. Google Docs

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Google Docs is an online word processor and more. You can collaborate and create documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and forms. You can import a variety of formats, such as Office, OpenOffice, PowerPoint, Excel, and image files. It's not as full-featured as Office, but it's close, and it's a viable solution for people looking for a free alternative.

• Website: http://docs.google.com
• More: Docs Reviewed
• How to Make Forms in Google Docs

3. Blogger

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Blogger is Google's service for creating and hosting blogs. Blogs or Weblogs can be used for a wide variety of activities, such as a personal journal, a news channel, a classroom assignment, or a place to talk about a specialized topic. Blogger blogs can even be used to create podcasts.

• Website:http://www.blogger.com
• More:Blogger Review
• How to Make a Podcast Feed from Blogger

4. Google Reader

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Do you follow more than one blog or read more than one news site? You need a reader to help you organize that information in one easy to read page. Google Reader lets you take the RSS feeds from your favorite blogs and read them all in the same page. You can even tag your favorite articles to share with your friends.

• Website:http://reader.google.com
• More: Google Reader
• How to Add a Feed to Google Reader

5. Picasa and Picasa Web Albums

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Picasa is a photo management package for Windows and Macs. This software is very powerful for a free package. Not only does it organize the photos on your desktop, you can also use it to post photos to your Blogger or Gmail account.

• Website:http://picasa.google.com
• More: Picasa Review

Picasa Web Albums is an online photo sharing and organization tool. It ties to Picasa, but it's also a tool you can use independently. Whenever you upload pictures in Blogger, those pictures actually end up stored in Picasa Web Albums.

• Website: picasaweb.google.com
• More: Picasa Web Albums Review

6. Chrome

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Chrome is a Google-developed Web browser. It includes innovative features like the "Omnibox" that combines search and Web addresses into a single box to save time. It also loads pages faster and behaves better than many browsers, thanks to it's multi-threaded approach to memory use. Unfortunately Chrome is too new to have a high market share or a lot of developer support. Websites weren't designed to be Chrome optimized, so some of them may not work well.

• Review of Chrome
• Chrome Browser Review
• Download Chrome

7. Orkut

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Orkut Buyukkokten developed this social networking service for Google, which is a huge hit in Brazil and India but largely ignored in the US. Orkut accounts were previously only available at the invitation of another member, but now anyone can register. Google has been working on ways to integrate their social networking service with other social networking tools.

• Website: http://www.orkut.com
• More: Orkut Review

8. Google Desktop

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Google Desktop is a way to search both your hard drive and the Web. This is a free software download that runs on Windows and Macs. You can also use it to put Google Gadgets on your desktop. You can also install Google Gadgets directly onto your desktop.

• Website: http://desktop.google.com
• More: Google Desktop Review

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9. Knol

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Knol stands for "a unit of knowledge." Knol was thought of as a "Wikipedia killer," but it's not really an encyclopedia. This is a tool that lets users create content about anything they know. Because it is not anonymous and allows for better collaboration, Google felt that this might provide more authoritative information than an anonymously edited (and frequently vandalized) wiki.

• Website: http://knol.google.com

10. Google Toolbar

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Google Toolbar is a Web browser extension. You can enhance your web searches, translate words, post directly to your Blogger account, save bookmarks and more. The most recent edition includes a Quick Search Box (Internet Explorer only) and the ability to add iGoogle gadgets to your toolbar.

• Website: http://toolbar.google.com
• More: Toolbar Review

Share Your Favorite Hidden Google Finds

Join the discussion. Tell us about your favorite Google products and tips to help us use them.